The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate—Edited by Robert A. Wilson—2008 0

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Summary:

  • The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, is a collection of essays that explore the philosophical debate between vitalism and animism. Vitalism is the belief that life is a special kind of energy or force that is not reducible to physical or chemical laws. Animism is the belief that life is an emergent property of matter, and that the soul or spirit is an essential part of life. The essays in this book examine the implications of these two views for our understanding of life and death, and the implications for our ethical and religious beliefs.

    The book begins with an introduction by Wilson that provides an overview of the debate between vitalism and animism. He then presents essays from a variety of perspectives, including those of philosophers, theologians, and scientists. The essays discuss the implications of vitalism and animism for our understanding of the nature of life and death, and the implications for our ethical and religious beliefs.

    The essays explore the implications of vitalism and animism for our understanding of the nature of life and death. They discuss the implications for our ethical and religious beliefs, including the implications for our understanding of the afterlife, the nature of the soul, and the nature of morality. They also discuss the implications for our understanding of the relationship between science and religion.

    The book concludes with a discussion of the implications of the debate between vitalism and animism for our understanding of the nature of life and death. The authors argue that the debate between vitalism and animism is an important one, and that it has implications for our understanding of the nature of life and death, and our ethical and religious beliefs.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate is an important book for anyone interested in the philosophical debate between vitalism and animism. It provides an overview of the debate, and examines the implications of the debate for our understanding of the nature of life and death, and our ethical and religious beliefs. It is an essential resource for anyone interested in this important debate.


Main ideas:


  • #1.     Vitalism: Vitalism is the philosophical belief that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism is a philosophical belief that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities. This is because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things. Vitalism is often contrasted with animism, which is the belief that all living and non-living things have a spiritual essence. The debate between vitalism and animism has been ongoing for centuries, and has been explored in depth in Robert A. Wilsons book The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate. In this book, Wilson examines the arguments for and against both theories, and looks at how they have been used to explain the nature of life and death. He also looks at how these theories have been used to inform our understanding of the world around us. By exploring the debate between vitalism and animism, Wilson provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the philosophical debate surrounding the nature of life and death.

  • #2.     Animism: Animism is the belief that all living things, including plants and animals, possess a spiritual essence or soul. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Animism is an ancient belief system that has been around for centuries. It is based on the idea that all living things, including plants and animals, possess a spiritual essence or soul. This spiritual essence is believed to be the source of life and the force that binds all living things together. Animism is closely related to vitalism, another philosophical theory about the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical matter. Animism, on the other hand, holds that life is the result of a spiritual essence or soul that is present in all living things.

    The debate between vitalism and animism has been ongoing for centuries. Supporters of vitalism argue that life is the result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical matter. They believe that this vital force is responsible for the growth and development of living things. Animists, on the other hand, argue that life is the result of a spiritual essence or soul that is present in all living things. They believe that this spiritual essence is responsible for the growth and development of living things.

    The debate between vitalism and animism is an important one, as it has implications for our understanding of life and death. It is also an interesting one, as it brings together two different philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, examines this debate in detail, exploring the arguments of both sides and providing an in-depth look at the implications of this debate for our understanding of life and death.

  • #3.     Life and Death: Life and death are two of the most fundamental aspects of existence, and the debate between vitalism and animism is an attempt to explain the nature of these two phenomena. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Life and death are two of the most fundamental aspects of existence, and the debate between vitalism and animism is an attempt to explain the nature of these two phenomena. Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. Animism is the belief that life is the result of a spiritual force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. In The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, the authors explore the debate between these two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. They examine the historical roots of the debate, the philosophical arguments for and against each theory, and the implications of the debate for our understanding of life and death. The authors also discuss the implications of the debate for contemporary science, medicine, and religion. By exploring the debate between vitalism and animism, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the philosophical and scientific implications of the debate for our understanding of life and death.

  • #4.     Dualism: Dualism is the belief that there are two distinct realms of existence, one physical and one spiritual, and that the spiritual realm is the source of life and death. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Dualism is a philosophical concept that suggests there are two distinct realms of existence: the physical and the spiritual. This concept is based on the belief that the spiritual realm is the source of life and death. Dualism has been a topic of debate for centuries, with two main theories emerging: vitalism and animism.

    Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical matter. This energy is thought to be the source of life and death, and is seen as a spiritual force that is separate from the physical world. Animism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is the result of a spiritual force that is present in all living things. This spiritual force is seen as the source of life and death, and is thought to be the driving force behind all living things.

    The debate between vitalism and animism has been ongoing for centuries, and has been the subject of much philosophical discussion. The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, examines this debate in detail, exploring the various arguments for and against each theory. The book also looks at the implications of these theories for our understanding of life and death, and how they can be applied to our everyday lives.

  • #5.     Monism: Monism is the belief that there is only one realm of existence, and that all phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by physical laws. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Monism is a philosophical concept that suggests that there is only one realm of existence, and that all phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by physical laws. This concept stands in contrast to dualism, which suggests that there are two realms of existence, one physical and one spiritual. Monism is often associated with the belief that the physical and spiritual realms are intertwined, and that the physical realm is the source of all spiritual phenomena. This belief is often seen in Eastern religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all things. Monism also suggests that the physical realm is the ultimate source of all knowledge, and that all knowledge is ultimately derived from the physical realm. This concept is often seen in the writings of philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato, who argued that all knowledge is ultimately derived from the physical world.

    The debate between vitalism and animism is an important part of the monistic worldview. Vitalism is the belief that life is a special kind of energy that is not reducible to physical laws. Animism is the belief that life is an emergent property of the physical world, and that all life is ultimately derived from the physical realm. This debate has been ongoing for centuries, and has been the subject of much philosophical and scientific debate. The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, explores this debate in depth, examining the arguments of both sides and exploring the implications of each theory.

  • #6.     Naturalism: Naturalism is the belief that all phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by natural laws and processes. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Naturalism is a philosophical belief that all phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by natural laws and processes. This belief is in contrast to vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories that suggest that life and death are governed by forces beyond the physical realm. Vitalism is the belief that life is governed by a vital force, or élan vital, that is distinct from physical forces. Animism is the belief that life is governed by spiritual forces, such as souls or spirits, that are distinct from physical forces.

    The debate between vitalism and animism has been ongoing for centuries, and has been the subject of much philosophical and scientific inquiry. Supporters of vitalism and animism argue that life and death are governed by forces beyond the physical realm, while naturalists argue that life and death can be explained by natural laws and processes. This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, and explores the implications of each theory for our understanding of life and death.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate provides an in-depth exploration of the debate between vitalism and animism, and examines the implications of each theory for our understanding of life and death. The book examines the arguments of both sides of the debate, and provides an overview of the history of the debate. It also examines the implications of each theory for our understanding of the nature of life and death, and explores the implications of each theory for our understanding of the human experience.

  • #7.     Materialism: Materialism is the belief that all phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by materialistic processes. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Materialism is the belief that all phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by materialistic processes. This belief is based on the idea that the physical world is all that exists, and that all phenomena can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry. Materialists reject the idea of a spiritual or supernatural realm, and instead focus on the physical world and its processes. Materialists believe that life and death are the result of physical processes, such as the laws of thermodynamics, and that there is no need to invoke a spiritual or supernatural force to explain them. Materialists also reject the idea of vitalism, which is the belief that life is the result of a special, non-physical force. Animism, on the other hand, is the belief that life and death are the result of spiritual forces, and that these forces can be manipulated by humans.

    The debate between vitalism and animism has been ongoing for centuries, and has been the subject of much philosophical and scientific debate. In The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, a variety of authors explore the debate between these two philosophical theories. The book examines the arguments for and against both theories, and provides an in-depth look at the debate between vitalism and animism. It also examines the implications of these theories for our understanding of life and death, and how they can be applied to our everyday lives.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate provides an insightful look into the debate between vitalism and animism, and how these two theories can be applied to our understanding of life and death. It is an important book for anyone interested in exploring the philosophical and scientific debate between these two theories, and how they can be applied to our everyday lives.

  • #8.     Reductionism: Reductionism is the belief that complex phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by reducing them to their component parts. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Reductionism is the belief that complex phenomena, such as life and death, can be explained by breaking them down into their component parts. This approach to understanding the world is based on the idea that the whole is equal to the sum of its parts. By examining the individual elements that make up a phenomenon, we can gain insight into its overall structure and function. This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is a special, non-material force that cannot be explained by physical laws. Animism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is a result of the interaction of physical forces. Both theories attempt to explain the same phenomenon, but from different perspectives. By examining the arguments of both sides, this book seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nature of life and death.

    Reductionism is a powerful tool for understanding the world, as it allows us to break down complex phenomena into their component parts. This approach can be used to gain insight into the structure and function of life and death, as well as other complex phenomena. By examining the arguments of both vitalism and animism, this book seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nature of life and death. By understanding the arguments of both sides, we can gain a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of life and death, and how it is affected by physical forces.

  • #9.     Emergentism: Emergentism is the belief that complex phenomena, including life and death, can arise from the interaction of simpler components. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Emergentism is a philosophical belief that complex phenomena, such as life and death, can arise from the interaction of simpler components. This idea is in contrast to vitalism, which holds that life is a result of some kind of non-physical force, and animism, which holds that life is the result of a spiritual force. The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, explores the debate between these two theories. The book examines the arguments for and against each theory, and looks at how they have been used to explain the nature of life and death. It also looks at how the two theories have been used to explain the emergence of complex phenomena, such as consciousness and intelligence. Ultimately, the book provides an in-depth look at the debate between vitalism and animism, and how they have shaped our understanding of life and death.

  • #10.     Supernaturalism: Supernaturalism is the belief that some phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by supernatural forces or entities. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Supernaturalism is a belief system that suggests that certain phenomena, such as life and death, can be explained by supernatural forces or entities. This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. Animism is the belief that life is the result of a spiritual force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. Both theories suggest that life and death are not simply the result of physical or chemical processes, but rather are the result of a spiritual or supernatural force.

    The book examines the arguments for and against both theories, and explores the implications of each for our understanding of life and death. It also looks at the implications of supernaturalism for our understanding of the universe and our place in it. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the debate between vitalism and animism, and offers an in-depth analysis of the implications of supernaturalism for our understanding of life and death.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate is an important book for anyone interested in the debate between vitalism and animism, and the implications of supernaturalism for our understanding of life and death. It provides an insightful and comprehensive overview of the debate, and offers an in-depth analysis of the implications of supernaturalism for our understanding of life and death.

  • #11.     Theism: Theism is the belief that some phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by the actions of a divine being or creator. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Theism is the belief that some phenomena, including life and death, can be explained by the actions of a divine being or creator. This belief is rooted in the idea that the universe is not a random, chaotic place, but rather is governed by a higher power. This higher power is often referred to as God, and is believed to be the source of all life and death. Theism is a major component of many religions, and is often seen as a way to make sense of the world and its mysteries.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of some kind of spiritual force or energy, while animism is the belief that life is the result of some kind of conscious, intelligent force. The book examines the arguments for and against each of these theories, and how they relate to theism. It also looks at how theism has been used to explain various aspects of life and death, and how it has been used to shape religious beliefs and practices.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate provides an in-depth look at theism and its role in the debate between vitalism and animism. It examines the arguments for and against each of these theories, and how they relate to theism. It also looks at how theism has been used to explain various aspects of life and death, and how it has been used to shape religious beliefs and practices. By exploring the debate between vitalism and animism, this book provides an insightful look into theism and its role in understanding life and death.

  • #12.     Pantheism: Pantheism is the belief that all phenomena, including life and death, are part of a single divine being or force. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Pantheism is a belief system that sees all of existence as part of a single divine being or force. It is a concept that has been around for centuries, and is still widely accepted today. Pantheism holds that all phenomena, including life and death, are part of this single divine being or force. This means that life and death are not separate entities, but rather part of a larger, unified whole. This unified whole is often referred to as the divine, or the divine source.

    The debate between vitalism and animism is an important one in the study of the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is a special, unique force that is separate from the physical world. Animism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is a part of the physical world, and is connected to all other forms of existence. Pantheism is closely related to animism, as it sees all of existence as part of a single divine being or force.

    The debate between vitalism and animism is an important one, as it helps to shape our understanding of the nature of life and death. Pantheism is an important part of this debate, as it provides an alternative view of life and death that is based on the idea of a unified divine source. By understanding the debate between vitalism and animism, and the role that pantheism plays in it, we can gain a better understanding of the nature of life and death.

  • #13.     Holism: Holism is the belief that all phenomena, including life and death, are part of a larger, interconnected whole. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Holism is the belief that all phenomena, including life and death, are part of a larger, interconnected whole. This idea is based on the notion that the universe is composed of interconnected parts that are all part of a greater whole. Holism suggests that the parts of the universe are not isolated, but rather, they are all connected and influence each other. This means that the actions of one part of the universe can have an effect on the other parts. For example, the death of one organism can have an effect on the entire ecosystem.

    The debate between vitalism and animism is an important part of the holism debate. Vitalism is the belief that life is a special, non-material force that is distinct from the physical world. Animism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is a part of the physical world and is subject to the same laws and forces as the rest of the universe. Both theories have implications for how we view life and death, and how we understand the interconnectedness of the universe.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, explores the debate between vitalism and animism in depth. The book examines the implications of both theories for our understanding of life and death, and how they can help us to better understand the interconnectedness of the universe. It also looks at how these theories can be applied to our everyday lives, and how they can help us to make sense of the world around us.

  • #14.     Vitalism vs. Animism: Vitalism and animism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism is the philosophical belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. This vital force is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the growth and development of living organisms. Animism is the belief that all living things, including plants and animals, have a spirit or soul that is distinct from their physical bodies. This spirit or soul is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the growth and development of living organisms.

    The debate between vitalism and animism has been ongoing for centuries. Vitalists argue that life is the result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. Animists, on the other hand, argue that life is the result of a spirit or soul that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. Both sides of the debate have their own set of arguments and evidence to support their claims.

    This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism in detail. It explores the arguments and evidence presented by both sides of the debate and examines the implications of each theory for our understanding of life and death. It also looks at the implications of the debate for our understanding of the nature of life and death, and how this debate has shaped our understanding of the world.

  • #15.     Vitalism vs. Naturalism: Vitalism and naturalism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical and chemical forces. This vital force is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the growth and development of living organisms. Naturalism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is the result of physical and chemical forces, and that there is no need for a vital force to explain life. This book examines the debate between these two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. It looks at the arguments for and against each theory, and the implications of each for our understanding of life and death. It also examines the implications of the debate for our understanding of the relationship between science and religion. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the debate between vitalism and naturalism, and is an essential resource for anyone interested in the philosophical implications of life and death.

  • #16.     Vitalism vs. Materialism: Vitalism and materialism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism and materialism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is sustained by a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical matter. This vital force is thought to be the source of life and to be responsible for the growth and development of living organisms. Materialism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is the result of physical matter and its interactions. This theory holds that life is the result of the physical properties of matter and its interactions with the environment.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, examines the debate between these two theories. It explores the arguments for and against each theory, as well as the implications of each for our understanding of life and death. The book also looks at the historical development of the debate, from ancient times to the present day. It examines the various interpretations of vitalism and materialism, and how they have been used to explain the nature of life and death. Finally, the book looks at the implications of the debate for our understanding of the human condition and our relationship to the natural world.

  • #17.     Vitalism vs. Reductionism: Vitalism and reductionism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical and chemical forces. This vital force is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the growth and development of living organisms. Reductionism, on the other hand, is the belief that life can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry. This theory holds that life is the result of the interactions of molecules and atoms, and that the behavior of living organisms can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry.

    The debate between vitalism and reductionism has been ongoing for centuries, and this book examines the arguments for and against each theory. It looks at the historical roots of the debate, the current state of the debate, and the implications of each theory for our understanding of life and death. It also examines the implications of each theory for our understanding of the environment, medicine, and other areas of science.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate provides an in-depth look at the debate between vitalism and reductionism. It examines the arguments for and against each theory, and provides an overview of the implications of each theory for our understanding of life and death. It is an essential resource for anyone interested in the debate between vitalism and reductionism.

  • #18.     Vitalism vs. Emergentism: Vitalism and emergentism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism is the philosophical belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. This vital force is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the growth and development of living organisms. Vitalists believe that life is not reducible to physical or chemical forces, and that life is something more than the sum of its parts.

    Emergentism is the philosophical belief that life is the result of the emergence of complex systems from simpler ones. Emergentists believe that life is the result of the interaction of physical and chemical forces, and that life is something more than the sum of its parts. Emergentists believe that life is the result of the emergence of complex systems from simpler ones, and that life is the result of the interaction of physical and chemical forces.

    The debate between vitalism and emergentism is an ongoing one, and this book examines the arguments for and against each theory. It looks at the evidence for and against each theory, and examines the implications of each theory for our understanding of life and death. The book also looks at the implications of each theory for our understanding of the nature of life and death, and for our understanding of the relationship between life and death.

  • #19.     Vitalism vs. Supernaturalism: Vitalism and supernaturalism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book examines the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism is the philosophical belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical and chemical forces. This vital force is thought to be responsible for the growth, development, and maintenance of life. Vitalists believe that life is not reducible to physical and chemical forces, and that life is something more than the sum of its parts.

    Supernaturalism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is the result of a supernatural force or power. This power is thought to be responsible for the creation and maintenance of life, and is often seen as a higher power or deity. Supernaturalists believe that life is the result of a divine intervention, and that life is something more than the sum of its parts.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate examines the debate between these two philosophical theories. It looks at the arguments for and against each theory, and explores the implications of each for our understanding of life and death. The book also examines the implications of vitalism and animism for our understanding of the natural world, and how these theories can be applied to our everyday lives.

  • #20.     Vitalism vs. Theism: Vitalism and theism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death, and this book examines the debate between them. (This book explores the debate between vitalism and animism, two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death.)

    Vitalism and theism are two philosophical theories about the nature of life and death. Vitalism is the belief that life is a result of a vital force or energy that is distinct from physical or chemical forces. This vital force is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the growth and development of living organisms. Theism, on the other hand, is the belief that life is the result of a divine being or creator. This divine being is thought to be the source of life and is responsible for the creation and maintenance of living organisms.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate, edited by Robert A. Wilson, examines the debate between these two theories. It explores the arguments for and against each theory, as well as the implications of each for our understanding of life and death. The book also looks at the historical development of the debate, from its roots in ancient philosophy to its modern-day implications. It examines the various interpretations of vitalism and theism, and how they have been used to explain the nature of life and death.

    The Nature of Life and Death: The Vitalism-Animism Debate provides an in-depth look at the debate between vitalism and theism. It examines the arguments for and against each theory, and the implications of each for our understanding of life and death. It is an essential resource for anyone interested in the philosophical debate between vitalism and theism.